World At Risk Assessment Describe Aspects Of A...

WORLD AT RISK ASSESSMENT Describe aspects of a geographic issue ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE – COMPLETE YOUR ASSESSMENT UNDER EACH HEADING: STUDENT NAME: Connor Nichols PART ONE – Describe the nature of the geographic issue Describe the issue: what it is, where it is happening, why it is happening, who it involves, how it effects people and the environment. You must include a map showing the location of the issue (you may find one on the internet or construct it yourself). You may include any other visuals such as photos, diagrams, cartoons. Global warming, waste, and pollution are big problems, but deforestation is one of the biggest. Deforestation is when large amounts of trees are cut down because of human wants. The leading cause of deforestation is cattle farming. Another big cause is the growth in population. This is a problem because the land becomes filled up with buildings that are occupied by large amounts of people. This leaves several people to be in need of homes. That is why the unused land in the rainforest is a good area to build. There are 3 main rainforests, Congo, Amazon, and the Indonesian rainforest. All these rainforests suffer from deforestation. The Amazon rainforest is the biggest and has a high amount of deforestation. The Amazon is located mostly in Brazil. This does not have such a big impact on a lot of humans yet. But the people it does affect are those who live in the rainforests. There are several tribes in the rainforest so when it is cut down itShow MoreRelatedOffice Of Personnel Managem ent ( Opm )1378 Words   |  6 Pagespasswords that background investigation applicants used to fill out their background investigation forms were also stolen. To better understand the scope of the above mentioned breach allow me to describe what OPM does. 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Cognitive Biases in Entrepreneurial Strategies Free Essays

string(222) " cognitive biases could an entrepreneur encounter\? Theory In this section the previously stated substitutions will be answered based on theory of decision-making, cognitive biases and the application to entrepreneurship\." The view of the human as a rational being is nowadays heavily questioned (Simon, 1959), UT in science a lot of models and theories still are based on this assumption. When looking at research on entrepreneurship, we notice that it is considered a relatively new field of study, though practice has shown that entrepreneurial activities have a great influence on the market. Schumacher (1934) already linked entrepreneurial Initiatives of Individuals to the creation and destruction of Industries, as well as to economic development. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Biases in Entrepreneurial Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now More research has been conducted about entrepreneurship, which questions the classical picture of the economic man – Homo economics – and he classical concept of rationality. This might be because the entrepreneur himself Is one of the most crucial factors of either the success or failure of an entrepreneurial business. This has caused the entrepreneur to be a hot topic and so a lot of research has been dedicated to the phenomenon. An Shame to (2000) for example different argues that the underlying factor that causes entrepreneur knowledge. Other research has focused on the traits of entrepreneurs. In general, entrepreneurs are considered overconfident (Cooper et al. , 1988), which is a good thing if you want to start-up a company. Without this trait, start-ups would probably not take place as often as we observe (Goodness Lecher, 2013). However, research has also showed that this overconfidence is associated with failure (Camera Lovable, 1999). Nobel (2011) argued that although we know 30 to 40 per cent of entrepreneurial firms fail, many other are bought out or never bring expected return on investment, meaning that the real failure rate can be up to 70 or 80 per cent. Overconfidence is one of the known biases that influence human beings in decision making. There are, however, a lot of more biases which an entrepreneur can encounter. This raises the question of whether being aware example of such of the biases could help the bias, entrepreneur in his activities. If we look at the overconfidence overconfidence can lead to wrong decisions. Awareness thus, could be helpful. On the other hand, if the entrepreneur is aware of this bias he could become too careful in the decision making process. This can result in no action being taken when the ‘moment’ arrives. Or it could result in the entrepreneur even deciding not to continue due to the risks being too high. This leads us to the question: 3 The following questions will help us answer the main question by shedding some eight on the biases that are out there: Theory of Bounded Rationality As mentioned in the introduction, we assume Homo economics appears to be perfectly rational and has complete knowledge, while the economic choices one makes are clandestine in the economic sphere without affecting other aspects of the individual such as emotions or being influenced by the environment. This is in line with the neoclassical economic theory that assumes full What is a cognitive bias? Why does this article address cognitive biases? What kind of cognitive biases could an entrepreneur encounter? Theory In this section the previously stated substitutions will be answered based on theory of decision-making, cognitive biases and the application to entrepreneurship. You read "Cognitive Biases in Entrepreneurial Strategies" in category "Papers" Entrepreneurship We accept the definition of entrepreneurship as suggested by Stevenson and Carillon (1990): ‘Entrepreneurship is about individuals who create opportunities through various modes of organizing, without regard to resources currently controlled. Sevens and Carillon moved away from the view of the traits school’ which tried to describe how entrepreneurs differed from other people by control, leadership, or propensity for risk-taking. When studies showed that entrepreneurs are as different from one another as they are from school’ non- entrepreneurs, the ‘behavioral rationality. This view has been criticized by Simon (1959) who developed an approach based on bounded rationality and problem solving. Simon stated that the assumption of full rationality is unrealistic. In his view, the rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions. The theory of bounded rationality states that individuals face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. What is a cognitive bias? Biases and heuristics (mental shortcuts) are decision rules, cognitive mechanisms, and subjective opinions people use to help them making decisions. This is a deviation of the benchmark Cognitive of biases rational prevent decision-making. Individuals to accurately understand reality and interfere with the ability to be impartial, unprejudiced or objective (Goodness and Lecher, 2013). Taverns and Keenan (1974) state that people rely on ‘heuristic principles which reduce the complex tasks of assessing probabilities and predicting values to simpler Judgmental operations. There are specific and systematic biases that move the Judgmen t away from the perfect rationality of individuals. Argued that the process of creating a new venture, should be the fundamental part of defining someone as an entrepreneur. (Gideon, 2010). This is why we agree on the definition by Stevenson and Carillon, which also implies we will not discuss entrepreneurial traits in this article. 4 Drawing on aspects of both psychology and economics, the operating assumption of behavioral economics is that cognitive biases often prevent people from making rational decisions, despite their best efforts. Why do we focus on cognitive biases? The general opinion about entrepreneurs is that they are risk takers. However, research showed that if entrepreneurs have to choose, they prefer to take moderate risks instead of taking decisions where there is high risk involved (Keenan and Lovable, 1994). This seems a contradiction, because the decision to become an entrepreneur is statistically a highs decision since over half of new ventures fail. In a study conducted by Cooper and colleagues their (1988), 95 per cent of the The interviewed entrepreneurs venture would did not entrepreneurs were convinced succeed. Where there is a complex interplay between feelings and thoughts which have awoken intense emotions. He concludes deal with that these entrepreneurs frequently situations that are new, unpredictable and complex. What kind of cognitive biases could an entrepreneur encounter? When we look at what kind of biases an entrepreneur can encounter, it needs to be known what kind of biases exist. There are dozens of known biases but not all an entrepreneurs will meet. We would like to discuss the biases that came across the most in research of cognitive threats of entrepreneurs. Optimism bias. The decision to become an entrepreneur is a crucial step that only can be taken if the entrepreneur is feeling optimistic about the chances of success. Because the chance of failure is statistically higher than success, entrepreneurs usually have an optimism bias. As mentioned before, 95 per cent of the entrepreneurs perceive the future of their new venture as being successful, while past studies of business survival suggest poor prospects for long-term survival for most new businesses (Cooper et al. , 1988). The optimism bias makes because entrepreneurs they see perceive less risk, more everything receive the new venture as a risk and their perception, rather than objective reality, explained the decision to start a current or future venture. That is why entrepreneurs do not necessarily have a higher risk propensity than other people (Keenan and Lovable, 1994). They simply perceive existing risks smaller than they are which shows that entrepreneurs are biased. Baron (2004) suggests that entrepreneurs are more often exposed to situations that test the limits of their cognitive capacities than other people. This increases their susceptibility to various forms of bias or error. Baron argued that biases occur more frequently when individuals are confronted with more information than they can process at a given time, they face situations that are new to them and involve high degrees of uncertainty, and optimistically. In ‘The Evolution of Cognitive Bias’, (2005) Hasten, Nettle, and Andrews state that where biases exist individuals draw inferences or adopt beliefs where the evidence for doing so in a logically sound manner is either insufficient or absent. In the case of 5 entrepreneurs however, we see that even if logical sound manner is sufficient still an entrepreneur can be biased. In the experiment by Cooper and colleagues (1988) 95 percent of the entrepreneurs was thinking that their venture would be a success, disappear when they knew about the objective chances. Business and Barney (1997) have stated that the optimism bias of an entrepreneur could also influence the stakeholders around them as well. If the stakeholders wait until they attain all additional information, the opportunity they seek to exploit could be gone by the time this data is available. This means that the optimism bias of an entrepreneur can even overrule the rationality of other persons involved. Illusion of control The illusion of control gives the entrepreneur a sense of control that increases the likelihood of them acting on an opportunity, but at the same time it may blind them to genuine risks. Simon et al. 2000) The illusion of control states that decision makers often overestimate the personal control they have over the outcomes. This type of bias influences the ability for decision makers to actually make a decision. This could also be the reason many entrepreneurs fail even though they thought they had made a right decision. Belief in the Law of Small Numbers The belief in the law of small numbers is the use small off limited sample of to draw rim are conclusions. The bias makes people believe samples information representative of the entire population from Overconfidence bias. Overconfidence refers to an unwarranted, high level of confidence (Forester and Scratchy, 2007). It is interesting that overconfidence can only be determined in retrospect, after an evaluation of knowledge, predictions and outcomes. Therefore, it will be difficult to notice beforehand if an entrepreneur is dealing with an overconfidence bias. Because of overconfidence, people do not take into account other factors and information that they need for decision-making. Goodness and Lecher optimism (2013), bias and argued distrust. Hat They the overconfidence bias is influenced by both the see overconfidence as a central theme in the failure of entrepreneurial firms with its effects magnified in combination with other cognitive biases. Which they are drawn (Simon et al, 2000). Simon and Houghton (2002) argued that belief in the law of small numbers may explain why entrepreneurs often overestimate demand. The success of a small number of people in their own environment can make entrepreneu rs think that they will also be successful, while the objective probability of success may be very low. Business and Barney (1997) mint out that entrepreneurs often use biased samples from a small number of friends or potential customers. Decision-makers versus Entrepreneurs Business and Barney mentioned that entrepreneurs are influenced by the sorts of cognitive biases that we all as individuals encounter (1997). However, they found that the extent to which people deviate from rational thinking may not be constant and that different individuals may utilize biases and heuristics to different degrees. They argued, and Baron (2004) agrees, that entrepreneurs in general are more susceptible to the use of biases and heuristics in decision-making. For entrepreneurs, the level of uncertainty in making decisions is higher than for general decision-makers (Humpback and Cozier, 1985; Covina and Sliven, 1989). Also, general managers can approximate the rational ideal more closely because they usually have access to historical trends and past performance, while entrepreneurs do not. Several studies (Covina and Sliven, 1991; Garner et al. 992; Miller and Ferries, 1984) have shown that the context faced in decommissioning by entrepreneurs tends to be more complex than the context faced by managers. Pitfalls, biases and heuristics are likely to have more utility in hose highly complex decision settings faced by entrepreneurs, compared to the less complex context that managers face (Business and Barney, 1997). We find that entrepreneurs in general encounter, and until now no attempt has been do ne in making such a list. Simon et al. (2000) did make a selection in their research towards risk perception and the start of a new venture. They selected three biases that may lower risk perception when starting a new venture. Their research focused on the overconfidence bias, the illusion of control and the belief in small numbers (see table 3). In their research optimism did not have a significant relationship with the decision to start a new venture, therefore they left this bias out of the model. Striking is that they left optimism out of their model, because they found a lack of significant relationship between optimism and the decision to start a venture. They mentioned however that other studies did encounter optimism affecting both cognition and behavior and explain that their outcome may have occurred because their survey measured optimism in a specific context. Further research on at least the optimism bias therefore is necessary. What influence can biases have on the success or failure of an entrepreneurial firm? Biases can have great impact on the success or failure of a company. Goodness and Lecher (2013) argued that their research shows that overconfidence can lead to disastrous effects in the entrepreneurial domain. In fact, they even found a strong relationship between overconfidence and company failure, especially if overconfidence was linked with other biases. Also they found that optimism bias has a negative effect on firm survival, strengthening arguments on low risk perception and resultant propensity to fail. However optimism bias also acted positively on opportunity orientation. This is an important encounter more biases than other types of decision-makers, but no specific research has been done on framing the most common biases faced by entrepreneurs. In the field of strategic decision-making however, Hogwash described the 29 most common separate biases (1980). The ones that he considered most likely to affect strategic decisions are listed in table 1. An overview like this is missing in the field of entrepreneurship. One reason for this might be that most entrepreneurship common biases is hard to frame. Previous research did not mention a list of the that 7 finding, as one of the important aspects of entrepreneurship is finding opportunities. Effective decision-making by entrepreneurs with respect to actions involving risk could play an important role in the success of new ventures. Empirical findings in literature about entrepreneurship offer support for the possibility that successful entrepreneurs are more effective at this task. Simon et al. (2000) found that effectiveness at decision making is an important factor in the performance of new ventures. Lovable and Keenan (1993) prescribed corrective measures to overcome the biases and achieve optimal behavior in every situation. Also Russo and Shoemaker (1989) reasoned that decision biases can be corrected through training. They have indicated that every decision-maker must, consciously or unconsciously, go through each phase of the decision-making process. They have stated ten most common barriers that entrepreneurs encounter in making good decisions. These barriers show resemblance with the biases described by Hogwash (1980). The availability bias, ‘Judgments of probability of clearheadedly events are distorted’, can be linked to the trusting shortsighted the most shortcuts, readily ‘relying or inappropriately on rules of thumb such as information anchoring too much on invention facts’. Both of them trust the most readily available information and thus the Judgment of probability may be distorted. Conservatism, which is the failure to sufficiently revise forecasts based on new information, can be linked to fooling ourselves about feedback, since in both cases the feedback will not be taken into account when forecasting new decisions, which can also emerge from being overconfident in making a Judgment. Russo and Shoemaker (1989) indicated that good decision-making can be broken down into four main elements: (1) framing; (2) gathering intelligence; (3) coming to a conclusion; (4) learning from feedback. Entrepreneurs have to keep track of what they expected to happen while guarding and against Lecher self-serving (2013) also explanations. Goodness agreed with the effectiveness of training on biases. They stated that for example the training of unrealistic optimists should stimulate the motivation to manage finances, to take advice, not to leave matters up to chance, and to understand the value of healthy distrust in oneself and others in non-routine situations. However, they also warned that training programs for entrepreneurs are not always a good idea. If it was not for the cognitive biases, start-ups would not occur as often as we observe now. Their advice for entrepreneurs is to balance the organization with people that are aware of these biases and can correct the entrepreneur where necessary. As well, Taverns and Keenan (1974) do not consider the biases as something that always should be eliminated. They argued that under conditions of environmental uncertainty and complexity, biases and heuristics sometimes also can be an effective and efficient guide to decision-making, simply because in such settings comprehensive and cautious decommissioning is not always possible. They state that biases and heuristics may even provide an effective way to Training When a bias causes harm, it is of critical importance that it can be addressed properly. Errors in decision-making can be extremely costs at not only the personal but also at the professional and societal level. As this article indicates, there does not seem to be an easy fix. Building further upon his previous work, Fishhook (1982) reviewed four strategies for reducing bias: (1) warning subjects about the potential for bias, (2) describing the likely direction of bias, (3) illustrating bias to the subject, and (4) providing extended training, feedback, coaching and other interventions. Fishhook concluded that these first three strategies yielded limited success, and that ‘even intensive, personalized feedback and training produced only moderate improvements in decision making. This model, derived from Wilson and Breaker (1994), shows how Judgmental biases are created and how they can be reduced. Awareness should first be created, there must be motivation to correct this bias and the direction and magnitude of the bias should be understood. As a final step, the bias should be removed or countered. But what is interesting is to see which techniques can be used to mitigate the bias of co ncern. We believe this can be done by applying a counter bias or by structuring the decision-making process. If decision makers rely less on intuition and emotion when making a decision, and more on deliberate and structured thinking processes, a decision can be made which approximates rationality. Analysis A list of the most common biases among decision-makers (note this it is not a list of the most common among entrepreneurs) have been framed earlier in this paper by Hogwash (1980). It is known that entrepreneurs are more susceptible to the effects of biases, but it is doubtful whether the most important biases for decision-makers are also the most important ones for entrepreneurs. The optimism bias and overconfidence decision-makers, bias do not appear on in the Hogwash’s list of most common biases for while research cognitive biases of entrepreneurs mentions them often. The problem with making an analysis on the cognitive biases that entrepreneurs encounter is that there is no such a list of most common biases among entrepreneurs. Earlier in this paper, we accepted the definition by Stevenson and is Carillon several to (1990) modes that of entrepreneurship opportunities organizing without about creating resources through rage rd currently controlled. This made us not look at the traits of an entrepreneur, but at the processes of decision-making and biases that can occur. There are biases that every person encounters, but there are certain biases that have a more effect on decision-making but also have to be aware of different sorts of biases that can influence their perception of the world. This can be of great influence on the future of their new ventures. As Abide (1994) argued, there are three critical elements of successful entrepreneurial approaches. Entrepreneurs 9 have to screen opportunities quickly to weed out unpromising ventures, they have to analyze ideas in which they focus on new important issues and they have to integrate taking action and analysis. His most important conclusion is that entrepreneurs must reflect on the adequacy of their ideas and their capacities to execute them. This comes back to what we are addressing in this article. Can entrepreneurs be aware of adequacy of their ideas? And is it recommendable to create this awareness among entrepreneurs? To be able to have a better perception of the world and thus be better capable of reflecting and making decisions, biases are of great importance. Hen reflecting on the environment of the new venture and when making decisions based upon those reflections. Training programs to become aware of bias do exist. Russo and Shoemaker (1989) proposed a training system in which good decision- making can be broken down into four main elements. In each element the person involved is encouraged to take the different barriers (table 2) into account so that he or she is guarded against silvering explanations. However, Goodness and Lecher (2013) argued that when entrepreneur are aware of biases, probably less start-ups will be realized. They advise that not the entrepreneurs will follow a raining program, biases. But rather people around the entrepreneur should be aware of existing Conclusion Although there are frameworks of individual cognitive biases in the literature of decision making, like the barriers by Hogwash (1980), there is no clear framework which cognitive biases entrepreneurs commonly encounter and how and if the effects of these biases should be reduced. The biases studied showed however that they can have big influence on the success or failure of a new venture. Goodness and Lecher (2013) found a strong relationship between overconfidence and company failure. Also positive biases strengthen low risk reception and increased the chance of failure. On the other hand, a positive bias in the startup phase of the company could be of great help because it strengthens the entrepreneur in motivation and opportunity finding. If entrepreneurs are aware of their biases, they could take this knowledge into consideration Taverns and Keenan (1974) pointed at the fact that not always should be eliminated. Under conditions of environmental uncertainty and in complexity, biases and simply heuristics because sometimes also can be effective and efficient decision-making, comprehensive and cautious decision-making is not always possible. Being aware of cognitive biases contributes towards obtaining optimal behavior in every situation. However, when we want to answer the question if awareness helps entrepreneurial firms perform better we would like to advise to also create awareness among the people around the entrepreneur and not the entrepreneur himself. The bias of an entrepreneur can be crucial in the start-up of a company and the motivation of other people. However, when a bias is harmful people around him can undertake action to 10 eliminate this bias and therefore reduce the chance of a company’s failure. As a radical note we would like to mention that research on biases that an entrepreneur can encounter still has not been done. How to cite Cognitive Biases in Entrepreneurial Strategies, Papers

Case Study of Alan Jones for Resection - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theCase Study of Alan Jonesfor Transurethral Resection. Answer: The case study shows that a patient named Alan was admitted to the ward with a Benign prostrate hyperplasia and had to undergo a surgery called the TURP or Transurethral resection of the prostrate so that his symptoms can be overcome. Benign Prostrate Hyperplasia is mainly associated with the enlargement of prostate gland (Gandaglia et al., 2013). The prostate glands usually surrounds the urethra which is actually a tube that is responsible for carrying urine form the bladder to the exterior of the body. With the occurrence of the disorders, prostrate e gland gets enlarged and as a result they start squeezing or blocking the urethra resulting in problems in urinating. However, he had vital signs which were elevated and hence nurses need to take proper interventions. Moreover, a multidisciplinary team is also required to handle his symptoms properly so that he can get well soon. The essay will be discussing about a patient who is suffering from Benign Prostrate Hyperplasia and undergo es surgery called Transurethral resection of the prostrate and how he should be give nursing care when his vital signs are elevated after surgery. Discuss the aetiology and pathophysiology of the patients presenting condition Critically discuss the underlying pathophysiology of the patients post-operative deterioration. Prioritize, outline and justify the appropriate nursing management of the patient during this time/ It is very important to discuss the etiology and the pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in order to understand the severity of the patients condition. The prevalence is higher in aged people. It is not a serious problem and proper management may lead to better quality lives of the patients. Normally in most cases, man develops this symptom due to aging when hormonal changes take place and there is cell growth in the region. Researchers mainly suggest that aging is one of the risk factors that lead to this diorder (Gratzke et al., 2015). Besides, family history and ethnic background can also contribute to the disorder. However, in the case of Alan, we do not get any such information and therefore these cannot be exhibited as the reason of occurrence of the disorder. However diabetes and obesity are the factors that could be the main reason for the occurrence of the symptom. Researchers have suggested that both BPH (Benign Prostrate Hyperplasia) and diabetes share a common pathogenic mechanism where there is alteration of the male hormonal activity that gets influenced by the IGF (Insulin like growth factor) (Oelke et al., 2013). There is presence of insulin like growth factor in the prostatic tissues and therefore there is high chance of these playing the main role in occurrence of the disorders. Lifestyle issues such as lack of exercise, improper food diet often results in obesity which also becomes a risk factor for the disorder (Vignozzi et al., 2014). In the prostate gland there is the type 2 5-alpha reductase enzyme which is responsible for metabolism of the circulating testosterone of patients and thereby converts them into the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This mainly work locally but not systematically and thereby binds with the androgen receptors in the cell nuclei of the prostrate that causes enlargement and thereby result in the disorder. Studies conducted by researchers have shown that large numbers of alpha 1 adrenergic rec eptors are located in the smooth muscle of the stoma as well as in the capsule of the prostrate and also in the bladder neck (Gandaglia et al., 2013). As the receptors get stimulated in this scenario, there is increase of the smooth muscle tone which worsens lower urinary tract symptoms. When these receptors are blocked, it can result in reversible action thereby relaxing the muscles and relieves the patient of any symptoms of lower urinary tract infections. Transurethral resection of the prostrate is a surgery which helps to treat urinary infections. In this surgery, the surgeon use combined visual as well as surgical instruments the resectoscope. They insert it into the tip of the penis into the tube which carries urine form the bladder called the urethra. With the help of the resectoscope, the surgeon trims out excess tissue of the prostrate that surrounds the tube which was actually blocking the urine flow (Grocott et al., 2013). When the same was done to the patient, it was seen that he had some complications associated with it. The nurse had noted that his urine had blood clots which were visible after the patient went through continuous bladder irrigation. After the surgery, it is normal to see some clots in the urine and gradually the wound of the patient starts to heal. As in case of the patient, his bladder was irrigated and was flushed with water, the urine may get red once the irrigation is stopped. The bleeding is normal and the nurse should be careful that the bleeding gets cleared before the patient leaves the hospital. After the surgery, it was noticed that the patients vital signs were not normal. It is indeed important for the nurses to monitor the patients vital signs after surgery in order to monitor the condition of the patients. The body temperature of Alan was 35 degree Celsius which is indeed lower than the normal of 36 or 37 degree Celsius. However Alan showed high pulse rate of about 128 per minute when the normal pulse rate should be 60 to 80 beats per minute. Pulse usually gets higher after operation when there is stress or release of blood and fever (Thiele et al., 2015). Alan is having blood in his urine and might also be stressed after operation and therefore his pulse is quite high. Alans respiratory rate (RR) is also found to be quite high about 30 breathes a minute which is much higher than the normal RR of 15 to 20. This may be due to stress of the operation. Blood pressure is the measure of the pressure which develops when the blood flows through the arteries. High blood pressure or hypertension occurs when the blood pressure gets above 140/90 mm Hg. As Alans blood pressure is higher, for about 160/90 mm Hg, therefore interventions are needed to be taken by the nurse to keep it under control. Often use of anesthetics sometime raise the blood pressure for 20 to 30 mmHg (Johnston et al., 2015). The nurse should provide him with effective medications like Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers which will all help by making the heart beat more slowly and thereby make the blood vessels relaxed. Calcium blockers will widen the arteries thereby reducing pressure. Evidently, the pulse rate will also come to normal as the blood vessels and the heart will be relaxed. Stress of the patient should be reduced. The nurse should provide food to patients who will be low in sugar and fat and more on vegetables and fruits with whole grains. The respiratory rate of the patient may be high due to the use of anesthesia side effects. Functional residual capacity drops when anesthetics enter the body. This reduction in Functional residual capacity becomes the main factor for the development of post operative complications. Mechanical ventilation may help the nurse to regain back the stable RR of the patient and keep him out of danger. Identify three (3) members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team, apart from the primary medical and nursing team, who you would involve in the care of the patient before their discharge and provide justification for their involvement. The important members who are needed to be included in the interdisciplinary teams besides the assigned doctors and also the nursing teams are the dietician, the diabetes educator and drug and alcohol abuse counselor. A multi disciplinary team is important to give an overall treatment for the patient so that the different social as well as physical factors affecting his health can be addressed (King et al., 2017). The doctors and the nurses take part in providing the patient relief from his disorder by proper surgery and after care surgery so that she he can get back into his quality life. However, this is not enough, as his other disorders like diabetes type 2, obesity and also drug alcohol habits also need to be properly addressed to ensure him a better quality life. Diabetes type 2 educators will play an important role in making Alan develop health literacy. The dietician should also provide a comprehensive diabetes education, collect information about his blood glucose and help i n surveillance of the outcome measurements. Besides, many of them also provide evidence based hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia management order sets and protocols so that they can track glucose levels and also conduct analysis to prevent any threats. They also provide individualized medication management plan with the hospital settings and also for use after discharge of the patient (Funk et al., 2017). The diabetes educator would also help to facilitate a smooth transition across the care settings. These would help the team to ensure that nutritional needs of the patients are met alongside the provide weight targets (Holescher et al., 2013). As a member of the multidisciplinary teams, they will mainly work with Allan to devise individual, realistic weight loss targets using evidence based practices (Bleisch et al., 2015). The Substance abuse counselor would help the team to provide proper therapies to him to overcome his addiction. They will then create goals and treatment plans for Alan by teaching him appropriate coping mechanisms along with different therapy sessions and progress reports to the teams, refereeing them to support groups, setting up care plans and others (Lewis, Dana Blevins et al., 2014). Therefore, from the above discussion, it is seen that Alan is quite stressed after the entire procedure of TURP surgery. The surgery has taken place after he got affected with benign prostrate hyperplasia. The effect of anesthesia in surgery might have worsened the condition. As his vital signs where mostly increased after the surgery, nurses should develop a care plan which will help in stabilizing the vital signs like with proper medication, right diet, mechanical ventilation and others. A multidisciplinary team is importnat in handling his condition. 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